2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
3. Talking about Similarity
4. Contradicting
5. Concession (concede)
6. Concession and Counter Argument
7. Persuading
8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse
9. Adding; Giving More Details
10. Giving Examples
11. Being More Specific
12. Clarifying
13. Summarizing
14. Speaking in General
15. Exception
16. Stating the Purpose
17. Emphasizing
18. Giving Reasons
19. Talking about the Result
20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
21. Parallel Time (Simultaneity, Timing)
22. Changing the Subject
23. Returning to a Previous Subject
24. Gaining Time to Think
25. Regarding something.???
26. Talking about the Beginning
27. Talking about the End
1. Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, not emphasizing the difference
* I can’t decide which country to study in. Britain has many universities and a long history, so it would be interesting to study there. On the other hand, Australia has a nicer climate. It’s a difficult decision. * You could get a degree in accountancy in Britain. Alternatively, you could do it in Australia or New Zealand. * We might get married this year. Then again, we might delay it for a year or two – we haven’t decided yet. (Used when an alternative idea suddenly comes to mind.)
2. Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
* I’m interested in science and computers. However, my sister’s more interested in art and music.
* Good health is not something we can buy. However, it can be an extremely valuable savings account. * From what we get, we can make a living; what we give, however, makes a life.
* However difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at.
* However successful you are, there is no substitute for a close relationship. We all need them.
* I wouldn’t say that all advertisements are a bad influence on children – some of them are quite informative and entertaining. Nevertheless, I think some advertisements might be detrimental to children. (a little formal) * My recovery, though slower than hoped for, is nevertheless assured.
* Unlike his father, he did not drink alcohol * Those actions were so unlike him. I can't believe he did it * In important ways, the two sisters are very unlike * * I would like to draw your attention to the fact that in Russia, unlike in one third of the world's countries, being gay is not a crime. * Baseball is not unlike a war, and when you come right down to it, we batters are the heavy artillery. * Real joy seems to me almost as unlike security or prosperity as it is unlike agony. * Tolerance is a very dull virtue. It is boring. Unlike love, it has always had a bad press. It is negative. It merely means putting up with people, being able to stand things.
* Unlike what many suggest, China is not the problema * Unlike what you may think you know, common sense alone is not enough to pass the firefighters written exam. Unlike what you may think from the movies, this doesn’t have to be true at all! * Unlike what happens in Washington, in Montgomery we can't print money.
* I think good teachers have to be quite strict in order to keep the class under control. At the same time, teachers should be warm and friendly so the students can relate to them as human beings.
* Studying overseas can be a wonderful experience for students. Just / All the same, they have to work very hard to make up for their language deficiencies. * A friend is one who knows you and loves you just the same. * Unintentional comedy is comedy just the same.
* To tell you the truth, I don’t really like my job very much. Mind you, the salary’s quite good!
* It’s going to take me a few years and quite a lot of money before I get my doctorate. Still, I think it’ll be worth it in the end because …
* He does the least study of any of us, yet he almost always gets the best grades!
* Sorrow is so easy to express and yet so hard to tell. * Is not this whole world an illusion? And yet it fools everybody. * Books are not men and yet they stay alive. * Nothing puzzles me more than the time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less.
* Don't overuse any of the examples shown here. Instead, show a variety of ways to express your meaning. * I don't read newspapers very often nowadays. Instead, I either watch the news on TV or I read it on the internet. * My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. * Don't ask whay your country can do for you, ask instead what you can do for your country.
The second hotel was more expensive than the first one, about double the room rate, in fact. In spite of the cost, we chose to stay at the second one because we wanted a taste of luxury for a night. (In spite of (this, that); Despite this; Despite that)
Studying a foreign language overseas is much more expensive than studying it at home; (but,) even so, it’s definitely the best way to learn a language.
* Pearl loves steaks; conversely, her husband is a vegetarian * she cannot stand sugary food; conversely, her husband is fond of sweets (por el contrario)
* Young people like films that are full of excitement and romance, reflecting how they feel about things. In contrast, older people prefer more subtle and thoughtful films.
* In contrast to what most prosecutors do, we try to treat all individuals with complete fairness.
* Anything nice that's said about me is diametrically opposed to who I am. * Ideas that were opposed to each other in her first book. * My actual childhood, as opposed to my adolescence, was not spent in London. * I think you gotta look at stuff half-full as opposed to half-empty. * People look at you differently if you wear a bow tie, as opposed to a necktie. * I'm better off working as opposed to lying around.
3. Talking about Similarity
* Yes, I think there should be a little more emphasis on practical skills, especially in primary school. Similarly, in high school and university, there should be more emphasis on the practical application of what students learn at school. * Your kids behave so well! I wish mine would behave similarly.* Similarly, you can delete a file dragging it to the paper bin. * Similarly, our second and third projects were a complete success. * I found that both houses were similarly expensive.
* My shopping habits... I am not very brand-conscious
about clothes. I buy whatever looks good on me. Likewise, I don't just
shop only in malls or high-end stores.
* Exercise keeps you healthy and likewise, keeps you feeling youthful. * If you make an effort, I will do likewise. (the same) * My brother is likewise a fan of ice hockey. (also) * Sarah told Tom that she enjoyed their date, and he responded, "Likewise" (me too, the same to you) * Have a nice day! - Likewise! ¡Que tenga buen día! - ¡Igualmente! * It's nice to meet you, Mr. Smith. - Likewise. Mucho gusto, Sr. Smith. - Igualmente. * Likewise it is true that ... asimismo es verdad que ...; to do likewise hacer lo mismo
* You must write for children in the same way as you do for adults, only better.
* Controversy equalizes fools and wise men in the same way - and the fools know it.
* My grandmother taught my mother how to cook when she was just a child. In the same way, my mother taught me when I was about ten years old.
* Yes, I think we should try to follow the advice of our parents. By the same token, parents should consider what their children really want, not just what they themselves want. * When you're reading, you're not where you are; you're in the book. By the same token, I can write anywhere. * I can't control the criticism. It's something you
certainly don't appreciate, but by the same token, everybody is entitled
to (give) their opinion. * There is, by the same token, no denying the fact that we see things differently in certain areas. (del mismo modo no hay que negar que ...)
4. Contradicting
Note: Many students incorrectly think that "On the contrary" means the same as, ‘On the other hand.’ It does not. There are two usages of, ‘on the contrary’.
Usage a): The most common meaning is: “That’s untrue and I’ll tell you the true situation.” Or, “I disagree and this is what I think.”
Examples: A: “I guess you're Canadian.” B: “On the contrary, I'm Australian.”
* We do not live to think, but, on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in surviving.
* A: “I heard you live in a big house.” B: “On the contrary, I live in a small apartment.”
Usage b): Here is an example of "Usage b". Speaker 1: “I think that's ugly.” Speaker 2: “I don’t think it’s ugly at all. On the contrary, I think it’s quite beautiful.”
It is possible for Speaker 2 to simply answer, “On the contrary, I think it’s quite beautiful.” but the usual usage is to first contradict what the other person said.
In usage b), the form of the statement is this: negative statement + "On the contrary" + positive statement.
And, the negative statement = the positive statement in meaning.
The meaning of “On the contrary” here is similar to saying, “in fact”, “as a matter of fact” or “actually”.
* Never walk away from failure. On the contrary, study it carefully and imaginatively for its hidden assets. * The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain, egotistic and self-complacent is erroneous; on the contrary it makes them, for the most part, humble, tolerant and kind.
5. Concession (concede (v)
(These examples of concession are often followed by a counter argument (beginning with 'but' or some similar word or phrase.)
These beginning words can be used to concede that the other speaker is correct.
Of course; Admittedly; Naturally; Obviously; Clearly; Undeniably; Undoubtedly
Of course, there’s always an exception to the rule but, in general, I still stand by what I said.
Admittedly, some people do waste money but I think the majority of people are pretty careful with their money.
Naturally, I hope to find a job that’s both interesting and well paid but, realistically, such jobs are hard to find when a person first starts working.
Obviously, there’d be fewer cars on the roads if they were much more expensive to buy.
But I think it's undeniable that the Times is a liberal paper.
Undoubtedly a man is to labor to better his condition, but first to better himself. * One of the fundamental questions of today's world is undoubtedly the question of equitable globalisation. * Undoubtedly, at the moment, the major cause of CO2 emission is what happens in developed countries.
6. Concession and Counter Argument
'All the same' (see above) is another way to continue defending your opinion after conceding that the other person is not 100% wrong in his/her opinion.
Yes, I agree that some young people are spendthrifts but, all the same, the majority are not like that.
7. Persuading
After all; You have to admit
Most Chinese people about the age of twenty make their own decisions about important things in life. After all, they’re adults at that age.
8. Dismissal of Previous Discourse
Anyway = Anyhow = At any rate = In any case (See also ‘besides’ in 9. Adding, below.)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.)
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.) (Notice no comma used after, ‘At least’)
9. Adding; Giving More Details
As well as that (= Not only that) (informal; good for speaking)
As well as that, there is too much bureaucracy or 'red tape' in place. (y no solo eso) * However, what would you think if I told you that, as well as that, half of your population is over 50 years old? (ademas de eso)
I try to make two movies a year. To me, that's not too much. On top of that, I like to work. (informal; good for speaking)
The book can be bought worldwide from the website, and another thing is that it won't drain your wallet.
For that matter (Similar to, “As a matter of fact”, “In fact” and “Actually”)
To tell you the truth, I’m not very interested in basketball. For that matter, I’m not very interested in any sport.
I haven’t seen that film. Besides, I’ve heard it’s not very good.
There’s a restaurant near my home but I don’t often go there because it’s too expensive and, to be quite frank, I don’t like their service – they’re much too slow. Besides, right now I’m too busy to eat out very often.
Note: ‘Besides’ is different to, ‘in addition’ because the word ‘besides’ introduces another idea that is in a different category, or a different ‘train of thought’ to the other idea(s). In the previous example, the first two reasons were criticisms of the restaurant; the last reason was separate from these reasons but, overall, was still an additional reason why the speaker does not eat at the restaurant very often.
What’s more (This sounds a little too formal and unnatural if not spoken in the contracted form. In other words, don’t say, “What is more”)
He's a tremendous guy. And what's more, he's virtually a genius in the field of management.
Furthermore, it is ilegal to do this. (a little formal)
Reading allows people to become aware of their society and, in fact the whole world. In addition, reading is the main way that people increase their education and we all need to continually learn in order to make progress in our careers. (a little formal)
Society needs people who can manage projects in addition to handling individual tasks.
Advertisements that glorify violence are a negative influence on children. Moreover, I think they’re a negative influence on anyone who sees them, not just children. (Very formal. It is best not to use this in the speaking test but it is suitable for academic writing)
10. Giving Examples
Dress casually, in blue jeans, for example: Also, for instance. As an illustration of something, as in
Let us take my own country, the Federal Republic of Germany, as an example. * I should like to give as an example the creation of the lists of terror suspects. * I hope that the outcome of our work will serve as an example of better procedures. * Let us take the milk production sector as an example, as I have already mentioned.
I've lived in many cities, for instance, Boston, Chicago, and Detroit. Jane is very generous. For instance, she volunteers at the hospital and gives money to charities. (for example).
To begin with, I don't have enough money to take a trip to Europe this summer. (first or most importantly
I'm very lucky to have a husband who cooks, for a start. It's a good partnership. I met him through a friend, and we just hit it off.
Everything seemed to go wrong; for one, we had a flat tire, and then we lost the keys. (Also, for one thing. As the first of several possible instances, for example) * I find many aspects of your proposal to be inadequate; for one thing, you don't specify where you'll get the money. For one can also be applied to a person, as in: He doesn't like their behavior, and I for one agree with him. * For one thing, I don't pun excessively in real life.
11. Being More Specific
Specifically; To be more specific; In particular; As a matter of fact; In fact; Actually
I have a memory like an elephant. In fact, elephants often consult me.* Newspaper readership is declining like crazy. In fact, there's a good chance that nobody is reading my column. * It is often said that before you die your life passes before your eyes. It is in fact true. It's called living.
Look, I think if you talk down to a kid or aim specifically at a kid, most kids aren't gonna like it, really, because most kids can feel when you are being patronizing.
I have a mind that never stops working. As a matter of fact, it torments me. As a matter of fact, believe it or not guys, you can actually lose money in sports! I know that you'll find that shocking * As a matter of fact, I find the Western cinema very fantastic.
12. Clarifying
I mean; What I mean is; To put that another way; What I'm trying to say is; My point is ; In other words; That is (a little formal); That is to say (a little formal)
I don't exactly know what I mean by that, but I mean it. * I mean, families are weird.
No, I mean, I most certainly date and go out. * I mean, I eat really healthily. * I love traditions. I mean, cultural ones. * I mean, I think I'm pretty sentimental. * I mean, money is a tool.
My point is, no one can stop the Internet. No one can stop that march. It doesn't mean that it's going to be smooth, though. * My point is, there's no sense trying to squeeze something out of your swing if you can let your clubs do the shotmaking for you. * My point is, if you want to achieve anything in life, it is not enough
to merely wish for it. You must develop that kind of 4:30 AM discipline
that distinguishes you from others.
What is not in the open street is false, derived, that is to say, literature. * I like to regard myself as someone who's capable of critical thought, that is to say, who can evaluate claims. * Good writers are those who keep the language efficient. That is to say, keep it accurate, keep it clear. * I tend to like poems that engage me - that is to say, which do not bore me.
What is not in the open street is false, derived, that is to say, literature. * I like to regard myself as someone who's capable of critical thought, that is to say, who can evaluate claims. * Good writers are those who keep the language efficient. That is to say, keep it accurate, keep it clear. * I tend to like poems that engage me - that is to say, which do not bore me.
13. Summarizing
after all, all in all, all things considered, basically (in essence, put simply), in briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally, to recap.
Basically; Fundamentally,
Basically we had underestimated mother nature. Basically, when you get to my age, you'll really measure your success in
life by how many of the people you want to have love you actually do
love you. * The free soul is rare, but you know it
when you see it - basically because you feel good, very good, when you
are near or with them. * People say money ain't nothing; money is basically everything. * Basically, I believe the world is a
jungle, and if it's not a bit of a jungle in the home, a child cannot
possibly be fit to enter the outside world. * All major religious traditions carry
basically the same message, that is love, compassion and forgiveness the
important thing is they should be part of our daily lives. * Drawing is still basically the same as it has been since prehistoric
times. It brings together man and the world. It lives through magic.
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14. Speaking in General
Generally, In general; Typically, by and large (on the whole), for the most part, broadly speaking, roughly speaking (more or less, approximately, a groso modo), usually, as a rule.
There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable. * By and large, language is a tool for concealing the truth. * By and large, I've been healthy all my life. * By and large, I've been healthy all my life.
On the whole, my life is and has been wonderful. * But the eighteenth century, on the whole, loathed melancholy. * On the whole, the politics of moviemaking is something that actors are kind of blissfully ignorant of. * Things on the whole are much faster in America; people don't 'stand for election', they 'run for office.' * There's a lot of America that's Christian. I would not describe us, though, on the whole, as a Christian nation. * On the whole, I have quite a low opinion of men. * On the whole, I tend not to listen to my peers. * Actresses are mental on the whole. But I think I'm pretty normal.
On the whole, my life is and has been wonderful. * But the eighteenth century, on the whole, loathed melancholy. * On the whole, the politics of moviemaking is something that actors are kind of blissfully ignorant of. * Things on the whole are much faster in America; people don't 'stand for election', they 'run for office.' * There's a lot of America that's Christian. I would not describe us, though, on the whole, as a Christian nation. * On the whole, I have quite a low opinion of men. * On the whole, I tend not to listen to my peers. * Actresses are mental on the whole. But I think I'm pretty normal.
Crime and legal stories, broadly speaking, are just where my interest happens to lie.
I'm always aware that there are, broadly speaking,
two different ways to act: there is acting, and then there's being, and
I'm always more interested in that. * Broadly speaking, the short words are the best, and the old words best of all.
I think, and I've thought this for a long time, that we live, roughly speaking, in the last generation of human beings. * I view the work I've done related to statistics and
economics as, roughly speaking, how to do something without having to
do everything. * I have this rather amazing report which, roughly speaking, says I was the worst student the biology master had ever taught.
Overall, he did a fairly good job. * I'm a nice guy to anyone I meet, until they show me
they don't deserve niceness. I'll turn very quickly. But I'm pretty
pleasant overall. * Due to our consumer mindset, people are prone to jump from church to church, which weakens the church overall. * My overall look on things is a lot more mature than it used to be.
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15. Exception
Otherwise 1. conjunction: or else, if not: used after an order or suggestion to show what the result will be if you do not follow that order or suggestion:
Just keep going like crazy and look back when it's over. Otherwise you just get confused.
Beware of missing chances; otherwise it may be altogether too late some day. * Luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury. * Put on sun lotion, otherwise you may burn. * Jeremy just got divorced. Otherwise, his life is going well. * My cat is sick, but otherwise it's a great day. * There cannot be justice otherwise. (de otra manera) * Norma usually has an excellent memory, but after the accident it is otherwise. (ya no es lo mismo) * how can it be otherwise? (como no va a ser asi?) * there are many problems, legal and otherwise (legales y de otro tipo) * this applies to all children, legitimate or otherwise (legitimos o no) * unless otherwise agreed, payments … (a menos que se convenga otra cosa, los pagos ...) * they believe they are right and nothing will convince them otherwise (de lo contrario) * they seem unable to express themselves otherwise than by violence (si no es empleando la violencia) * we all thought it was too dangerous, but she thought otherwise. (pero no asi ella) * he could not have done otherwise (no podia haber obrado de otro modo)
Apart from that / Other than that
Apart from that, nothing much has been happening * Apart from that Mrs Lincoln, how did you enjoy the play? * Love is about mutual respect, apart from attraction. *
I am going to enjoy some other things apart from business. * Apart from photography and music videos, I also do graphic design. * I'm still friends with all my exes, apart from my husbands.
other than that, there's no problem * other than John, who's going to go with you? *
¿quién va a ir contigo aparte de John or además de John? The mission was carried out
for reasons other than stated (distintas a las que se adujeron) * it was no other than uncle Bob (no era ni más ni menos que) * none other than you could have written this (nadie más que tú) * she's never been other than polite with me (conmigo no ha sido más que cortés) * if it's anything other than perfect, she's not satisfied (tiene que estar ni más ni menos que perfecto para que se quede satisfecha)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Stating the Purpose
To do comedy, you have to be a pretty good actor to start with.
In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that we progress / it is necessary to progress as quickly as possible.
In order to do this, they must be close to the action at all times.
It is normal to give away a little of one's life in order not to lose it all. Albert Camus * We have art in order not to die of the truth. * Friedrich Nietzsche
In order that we can have enough time, we ought to leave by noon. * Someone has to die in order that the rest of us should value life more. Virginia Woolf * We do not live to think, but, on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in surviving. * Life is the art of being well deceived; and in order that the deception may succeed it must be habitual and uninterrupted. * I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it. Pablo Picasso * Men are born with two eyes, but with one tongue, in order that they should see twice as much as they say.
There are times when it is best to be content with what one has, so as not to lose everything.
Poets have said that the reason to have children is to give yourself immortality. Immortality? Now that I have five children, my only hope is that they are all out of the house before I die.
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17. Emphasizing
Above all;
Indeed (a little formal)
Q: Do your friends also like that kind of film?
A: Indeed they do!
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18. Giving Reasons
In the first place; For one thing; The main reason why …; One of the reasons why …; One reason why …
Because of this new law, many people will receive fairer loan payments and have a better chance of keeping their homes.
Facts are facts and will not disappear on account of your likes. * The picnic is canceled on account of the rain. * The bridge collapsed; on account of this, we have to take the ferry (for this reason)
For most English speakers due to and owing to have become interchangeable. Trying to preserve a distinction between them is pointless. I’d rather direct my energy to the defense of “I” as a subject pronoun.
I've got an overactive brain. I enjoy work, I enjoy life, and I'm not good at relaxing. I've also never slept very much due to this overactive imagination and my brain constantly thinking. * She was often cold due to not having shoes, warm clothes or blankets.* His accident was due to excessive alcohol consumption. (caused by)
His accident occurred owing to the fact that he was talking on his cell phone. * John and Julie were late, owing to the traffic (because of)
She didn't pick up her friend's new baby for fear of dropping it * He said he has always had trouble making decisions for fear of making mistakes and upsetting others.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. Talking about the Result
As a result; As a consequence; Consequently; So; Because of this; In this/that way
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20. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
So; Therefore (a little formal); [‘Thus’ and ‘hence’ are too formal even for the Writing test]
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21. Parallel Time (Simultaneity, Timing)
At the same time; Simultaneously; Meanwhile; In the meantime
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22. Changing the Subject
(It is uncommon to suddenly and completely change the subject when you speak in the IELTS test.)
By the way; Incidentally
“Yes, I had a good day at work. By the way, I saw your friend, Jenny, at lunchtime.”
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23. Returning to a Previous Subject
As I was saying; As I mentioned before
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24. Gaining Time to Think (Important for avoiding long pauses, which decrease your fluency score.)
Let me see; Let’s see; Well; You know (Do not emphasize the word “you” when you say this. Only emphasize “you” when your meaning is, “你已经知道吧!”)
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25. Regarding something ???
While grammatically correct, that sentence is a rather atypical form, so "as for" would still be more appropriate. However, "as for" can be defined as "regarding," even though the words aren't very interchangeable in common English. "Concerning" would be slightly more appropriate (though "as for" still sounds better):
The relevant difference is:
- "As to [something]" has a history of more formal use.
- "As for [something]" has a history of being used to begin a dismissive statement.
- "As to whether we should support the idea Bob suggests, I think it would in our best interests."
- "As for Bob's idea, I don't think it's worth considering at all. Alice's idea is much better."
My wife and I are well. As for our work, it is not going well.
The blocks were graded as to size and color. * The programmers were at a loss as to how to explain the error.
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25. Talking about the Beginning
First, Firstly, First of all, To begin with, In the first place, (These mean 首先, 第一)
Avoid using, “First and foremost” in the speaking and writing tests because it usually sounds like a cliché (陈腔滥调).
At first, Initially, Originally, In the beginning, At the beginning, (These mean 起初, 当初)
Note that “At first” does not mean the same as “First” or “Firstly”.
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26. Talking about the End
Last = Lastly = Finally = 最后
These three are used for listing several things that happen in sequence: “First, ….. Next, …. Then, … Last/lastly/finally ….”
Note 1: Beware of the following common error:
At (long) last = Finally = 终于
Many students write or say “at last” to mean “last”(最后) but this is a mistake. “At last” has the idea that someone has waited for a long time and it is usually used as an exclamation (叹词).
Examples:
(After wandering in the desert looking for water.) “At last! Water!” = “Finally! Water!”
(After waiting for someone who is late.) “At last! You’ve arrived!” = “Finally! You’ve arrived!”
(After looking for someone for a long time) “We’ve found you at last!” = “Finally, we’ve found you!”
finally, lastly, last, finally, at (long) last
Note 2: The expression “Last but not least,” is (rather informal) spoken English and is not really suitable for academic writing. It is used to place special emphasis on the importance of the last item of a list, even though it was listed last. For example, this expression is often used when introducing several people, one at a time – we use this expression before introducing the last person in order not to offend that person by having put him or her last. And in that situation it is often spoken in a jocular (滑稽的) way.
It is possible to use “Last but not least,” in the Speaking test but it has become overused in China and is rarely used in a suitable situation. It doesn't impress most examiners so it is best to avoid it even in the Speaking test. It would be better to say, “And last, but still very important, is ...”
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